1. Joint Stock Company (JSC):

• Established for economic purposes with a definite capital divided into shares.
• Shareholders are liable for debts only to the extent of their shareholdings.
• Can be established with a single shareholder.
• Shares can be freely transferred, and the company’s shares may be offered to the public and traded on the stock exchange.
• Minimum capital requirement: 50,000 TL (100,000 TL for registered capital system).

2. Limited Company:

• Capital is definite and divided into shares.
• Shareholders are liable for debts only to the extent of their shareholdings.
• Can be established with a single shareholder, but the total number of shareholders should not exceed fifty.
• Shares cannot be freely transferred and require the approval of the general assembly.
• Minimum capital requirement: 10,000 TL.

3. Collective Company:

• Established by at least two partners who must be real persons.
• Partners have the right and responsibility to manage the company.
• Partners are second-degree unlimited liable to the creditors of the company.
• No specific capital requirement.

 

4. Limited Partnership Company:

• Consists of ordinary limited partnership and limited partnership divided into shares.
• At least two partners required, one active (unlimited liable) and one static (limited liable).
• Active partners must be real persons, while static partners can be real or legal persons.
• Liability of static partners is restricted to their invested capital.
• No specific capital requirement.

5. Cooperatives:

• Established by at least seven partners.
• Each partner holds at least one and at most five thousand shares.
• Share value: 100 TL.
• All partners except those who were not partners three months before the general assembly may participate in the cooperative general assembly.
• Board of directors must comprise four Turkish citizens meeting legal requirements.

Each type of company offers different advantages and suits various business needs. Understanding these distinctions is crucial when establishing a company in Turkey to ensure compliance with legal requirements and optimal business operations.